Monday, August 25, 2008
Let a hundred blossoms take the scythe: The Hundred Flowers campaign revisited and the aftermath of the 2008 Beijing Olympics
Have no doubt; the real human contest of the 2008 games was played in the periphery of the sporting arenas. When the Chinese government announced in late July that there would be specially designated public protest zones around Beijing, and that all that was required in order to stage a public protest was to fill out a form at the local, friendly Public Security Bureau office, most of the international press and much of its audience, and more than a few Chinese activists, looked askance at these three parks: Purple Bamboo, Ritan, and World (The last a pirated piece of kitsch that Disney Corp. should litigate over). Countless more were stunned by the Party’s generous impulse. Many effused what a step forward this was for the Party, and the Party cynically went about its business. It never had any intention of these protest zones being utilized.
It was just a Chinese insult delivered via the Chinese way, in Chinese boxes: open one box to find another box, to find another box, and so on until the Closing ceremony, when the international community finally reached the last little box, and there inside was a little note that snidely said, “So sorry, but we are your Chinese moral superiors and can’t presume to help that. Now go, and leave us, we whom you shall never understand because you haven’t the refined mandarin sense to, and never again affect that you can enter our affairs. We do sincerely feel so badly for you for not being able to understand our ways. Sardonically yours, the eternal Chinese”
Anyone who ever thought that the Chinese would be straightforward and wholesome about this needs a serious education about the Chinese. Thankfully, they just got it. Pleasant, wasn’t it, finally getting down to that last box? It only took seven years to learn that what looked plausible was always implausible. The Chinese never had any intention of honoring the promises that brought them the Games. Dallying with the truth in such a lingering and meretricious manner is the way in which they deal with all inconvenient and unpleasant business. I’ve been spun out many times by the Chinese, and I’m afraid that it’s always done in ever-enclosing boxes- emptiness surrounding emptiness. However, one is always given ample time to figure that out so the Chinese don’t have to trouble themselves with telling you. If they have any leverage (and once they had the Games they had plenty), they expect that you’ll take it, and like them, not say anything about it. Superiority and servility are such a silent understanding. It’s kind of them. If you were in anyway upset by this duplicity and what it veiled, perhaps you’ll forgive me for dilating so on this very unpleasant matter.
It was most definitely naïve on the I.O.C’s part to think it would be any different. But that corrupt organization was a perfect, complicit fit for the Chinese, and I don’t actually think that they ever entertained any real illusions that it would be any different than it was, they just pretended they did. Their only concern, like all good upper bourgeoisies, is about money and the semblance of respectability, already having plenty of both.
If it looked too good to be true, my friend, of course, it was. Just ask those activists who showed up at the police station and were seized by the PSB orficials. Of the 77 applicants who took the government up on their offer to rock ‘n’ roll, (none of whom -as we now well know - were actually allowed to stage a protest), many are currently in detention or under house arrest, and at least one of them is said to be being held in a mental asylum. [1] Yet, it is two dear old grannies, together in their late 70’s - one blind in an eye, both on a cane - who the NYT reported about on 08-08-21* - that are the most astounding examples of victimization by a dystopic PRC. They share, however, the Gold medal for courageously putting the soft, white underbelly of the CPC beast to the knife of their dissent, and allowing us all to realize what a cowardly and absurd villain it really is.
These two feisty old dolls, Wang Xiuying and Wu Dianyuan, were actually given an extra judicial term of “re-education through labor” this week by the Beijing police, who simply handed down the sentence on their own without reference to the time consuming mechanism of a jury of one’s peers. (For the crime of public disorder disturbance sentences are always extra-judicial and earn an all-expense paid trip to the laogai). Way to go China! Jia you! Nothing says, “The people are the masters of the nation” like sending two female geriatrics, minus habeas corpus, to a laogai (re-education labor camp) for persisting in their seven-year determination to receive compensation for having their Beijing homes bulldozed! Clearly, the Party wanted to send a little message to anyone with a bit more gas in their tank that they might not really want to take on the state after all.
This cynical ruse to lure Chinese activists into the hands of the Public Security Bureau like big sucking fish is despicable and hearkens back to the same type of entrapment employed by the Party in ’56-57, during the Hundred Flowers campaign. The fallout of the summer of ’57 resulted in over 550,000 people being identified as "rightists" who were then subsequently humiliated, imprisoned, demoted or fired from their positions or sent to labor and re-education camps, where they were tortured or killed.[2] This type of rubbish, however, actually last occurred in the lead up to Tian’anmen during the Democracy Wall snare.
One wonders where this is going to lead. Though there is no whiff in the air of major foment, many in China are restive despite the stalwart ultra-nationalist “shit-youth” (fenqing; shit and angry are homophones in Chinese) and their revolting “la-la-la, we don’t see anything wrong, we don’t hear anything wrong, you don’t understand the Great and Mighty China, la-la-la” routine. The hyper-sensitive and reactionary fenqing whose free-floating anger is channeled by the government ala Orwell's Pigs and Dogs are loathsome, just visit any English China blog such as John Pomfret’s Washington Post blog, “Pomfret’s China” (that's flame central. He's infested with fenqing trolls) or Global Voices Online-China, and listen to them squall and mewl their inflammatory rhetoric, a lot of it racist, and all of it definitely ultra-nationalist. What delusion beyond delusion theirs is. They’re another subject, though, one that I’ll be getting to soon. Nonetheless, the other foot is going to fall in China now that the Games are over. The Party is not going to be able to use them any longer as a shield to justify its day to day abuses of power. Don't expect the fenqing to come to that dance, though. They are part of, or on the fringes of, the mere 5% of the population that possesses Party membership.
Yet, after these Games there may very well be a serious spike in “mass incidents” in China. The Ministry of Public Security says last year there were more than 58,000 mass incidents involving three million people (That's 160 per day. 51 people each, average! Even if you divide that by 3.5 to arrive at a commensurate ratio between America and China, you still get a head-shaking figure). The Ministry reported that this was an increase of almost 15% over the year before. Yet, as protests increase, Chinese police are trying different strategies to contain them, sometimes even making economic concessions to demonstrators, a move that in all likelihood will probably encourage more protests - the last thing the CPC wants. That’s why the 77 protests never occurred in the “designated protest zones”. They knew they’d have loud, howling hell on their hands if even one were to have occurred during the Olympics: it would have chain-reacted and quickly juggernauted out of control. I’d like to suggest that one of the different strategies that the PRC is trying out is the same old, tried and true strategy that has been used throughout Chinese history: encouraging dissent, and then exterminating it once the snakes in the grass slithered forth to get the bait. However, I think that those who did apply already reckoned the consequences, but simply and truly had nothing more to lose than what they’d already lost. 3 Perhaps some genuinely thought that the time and place were inviolable, and that the government orficials would play hands off, at least for a short while. It's impossible to say.
One thing is for certain. What the Ministry of Public Security terms "mass incidents" are strongly on the rise, and have been so since 1993. From 1998 to 2005, there has been, on average, a 25% increase in these incidents every year, and that they are said to being growing more and more violent. 4 (see graph at bottom of the page of this link) Arriving at 2005 there was a 360% compounding of them from the starting date which was a watershed year that saw a 60% increase in incidents from the prior year, '97. 1998 is the beginning of what I am terming "The Violent Wind" in contemporary China. This seminal year followed on the heels of the Communist Party's 15th Congress in late '97, which pressed for factory firings in the name of "efficiency", leaving many workers in the lurch.
It must also be pointed out that guaging statistics from the Ministry of Public Security is a somewhat tenuous endeavor. 5 For one, it almost goes without saying that there is a certain degree of under-reporting on the part of the government. How much, of course, is unacertainable. Secondly, there is apparently some bleeding together of "mass incidents" and "cases of public disorder disturbances", the latter of which can be perpetrated by a single individual and need not be part of a gathering. Also, there are those occassions where a community gathers spontaneously and without permission to actually applaud the police for a job well-done, as in the example cited here. 6 (2nd para). Nonetheless, these incidents and cases don't bode well for the government and never have.
So, the Collapse of China Theory. I can hear you asking, "does Ant Farm subscribe to and promote it?" That's a darn good question. The verdict is still out. All the same, given these government produced figures coupled with an environment that is rapidly deteriorating, and which could lead to what I have termed "ecological barbarism" anytime in next 2 to 5 years, it's not out of the question, particularly in light of other considerations such as overpopulation and the massive array of problems in engenders, provincial fragmentation due to economic and historic cultural divisions, a west-east economic dichotomy, etc. Yeah, it could definitely happen given the proper catalyst and could only be a matter of time, if this world has any time left.
What I see glowing on the horizon for this world, and not only China, isn't especially a pleasant picture. The next two years will be absolutely critical. How quickly the West can green its economies, and crucially, how quickly China and Asia can do the same, will determine everything. How forgiving a mistress Mother Nature is the major question. Will she allow us a bit more time to remedy our ways before she cracks? The Ant doesn't know, only prays so for he loves Mother Earth. I am afraid most of the healing, if it occurs, will have to be spiritual, though. Not merely physical and material.
I am not of the opinion that the Chinese's little charade this last two weeks or so has done anything to improve the chances of the just aforementioned. I believe that despite many wonderful and good intentions of the Chinese people, the overarching duplicity and bad faith of the PRC/CPC significantly undermined those things, and ultimately, you can't separate any government from its people.
I sense that, for China, what is in its near future is this: it is going to find itself being pulled away from, internationally. I think that around the world that people from Argentina to Zimbabwe had an a very good opportunity to look close at the Chinese, into their soul, and very probably very many let out a big, collective "ewww". Indeed, somethings are very cute and gentle, but there is something else there that is also extremely unappealing, if not nearly subhuman. I've spent a good deal of time with the Chinese. Finding a middle way to arrive at a higher ground is easier said than done. But as Zen Master Pogo once said, "we have seen the enemy, and he is us."
Nonetheless, after the betrayal of promises regarding human rights, democracy, and freedom of information, which are very important to the West, if only because we say so, and everyone agrees, though themselves are ne'er do wells, that it is going to be a long time, beginning now, before the I.O.C. or any international body grants the PRC Jack's shirt. The upcoming 2010 International Expo in Shanghai will be, I predict, their last little frolic on the world stage.
As for the corrupt, self-serving, self-aggrandizing, and pussy-llanimous I.O.C, it took a huge moral bruising at the hands of the PRC/CPC, and any notion that Shanghai might be the next city in China to host the games is more than a stretch. As they say in Little Italy, "feggeddaboutit", meaning this time, don't even consider it a possibility. Yet, the moral of the story for the I.O.C. is this: as long as its ulteriority is money and the semblance of respectibility, and all the nice bourgeois things that come with them, but not a real integrity with the spiritual principles of the Games, they are going to continue to reflect the defects of the Western soul in a very unappetizing way. But, in their defense, China was definitely standing in a place where it had to be entrusted with the sacred Games. It had to be given a chance to host them. It had earned that much. I only know that I wouldn't have voted for them.
Coming from my bias against China, I have a strong sense that their betrayal is actually going to be a serendipitous affair. I feel very strongly that the West, particularly America, needs to distance itself from China. I think that that is going to be a whole lot easier to do now, and will begin to happen somewhat organically and automatically. America needs to learn that it doesn't need China, it needs America. Not a false nationalism though, but its real soul. It needs to recapture that so badly, and its attachments to China have been hindering that. As for China, maybe it needs to be more isolated. There're things it definitely needs to work on. Both countries have a lot of work to do on themselves. Some distance would be ameliorative.
Friday, August 15, 2008
Recycled Condoms
Saturday, August 9, 2008
Sasha Gong (fifth of five bios of dissidents who met with Bush).
Gong arrived in the United States around ’87-’88. In her memoir, “Born American: A Chinese Woman’s stories of Inadequacy, Rebellion and Redemption”, she relates that something inside of her had suddenly clicked, and for the first time in her life she felt at home; She had been born an American- it had just taken her 31 years to get there. A press release for her memoir reads, “This book depicts China's baby-boomer generation through the author's personal anecdotes of the 1960s and 1970s: how they grew up, what they believed, what they feared and what they desired. While a cursory examination would conclude that nothing about the China of 1967 suggested the China of 2007, the stories show that the seeds of the great transformation were actually planted during those years. The author explores how the political system penetrated and perverted family relationships and did much damage to individuals and social groups. The stories are written from the perspective of becoming an American. Embracing American culture, and speaking as one of a handful of scholars who can travel back and forth intellectually between Eastern and Western culture, Gong provides readers with comprehensible narratives about the human factors behind the phenomenon of China’s rise, and the people behind its quantum leap from communism to capitalism”. (The Ant says, “I need to read this book”).
For several years now CCTV has been available in America via cable subscription, and dozens of Chinese channels are available by satellite. Chinese newspapers are also available with a subscription. Additionally, Chinese web sites are free and are always available. China has developed plenty of ways, backed by massive government funding, to explain itself to U.S. citizens.
When she informed the president that her blog about America has attracted millions of Chinese readers, he responded, "If you have millions of readers, what are you complaining for?" "I am complaining that I am a one-man band," she replied. Given that broadcasting into China by the American equivalent of CCTV, Voice of America, is often jammed, and its Web site is frequently blocked, the impact of U.S. government-sponsored programs is negligible. Nothing anywhere near the wave saturation of China International Radio, which can be heard on AM WUST, Baltimore, and WNWR, Philadelphia, even remotely exists for American governmental broadcasting in China.
Books and Publications:
Born American: A Chinese Woman’s stories of Inadequacy, Rebellion and Redemption
Credit to www.publishersmarketplace.com/rights/display.cgi?no=5620 - 20k -
Thursday, August 7, 2008
Bob Fu
They were released two months later, whereupon Fu was fired from his job as an English teacher at the Beijing School for the Communist Party, and Heidi lost her acceptance to study for her master’s degree. Heidi was pregnant at the time, but apparently had not received approval from her work unit for pregnancy. Without said approval, she could receive no medical help and would be forced to abort her baby, even at full term.
These circumstances drew them to Hong Kong at the end of 1996, where they posed as tourists. Abandoning their group, they applied repeatedly for visas to America. Their case became publicized, and President Clinton directly intervened on their behalf with the Chinese authorities. They finally arrived on U.S. soil just a few days before the British turned over Hong Kong to Beijing.
Bob Fu’s focus is religious persecution of Christians in China, and in 2002, he founded China Aid Association to draw international attention to China’s gross human rights violations against "house-church Christians", those worshiping in non-governmentally sanctioned settings. “In addition to collecting documents and materials related to Chinese law and government policy toward religion in China, CAA issues press releases on cases of religious persecution in China and carries out other advocacy on behalf of persecuted religious believers in China. It also provides humanitarian relief to persecuted members of underground Protestant churches in China. Although CAA’s connections inside China are primarily with Christians, the organization supports the broad principle of freedom of religion for all believers in China and aspires to conduct activities which protect the civil rights of believers from all religions”. Nearly 80 percent of the CAA’s annual budget goes directly to China to help the persecuted believers.
His organization is well-organized and is able to respond to persecution crises inside of China rapidly. “China Aid investigators are dispatched on short notice to the scenes of persecution to conduct direct interviews with victims and family members. With collaboration from local church leaders and members, these monitors gather information including photos, video and audio interviews. All information is verified by secondary sources before being transmitted to CAA headquarters”. How CAA is able to respond so expediently is not clear, but once on the scene the organization is then able to “deliver emergency funds, and in time, contact appropriate media sources, notify Western governments and NGOs, and if necessary, initiate direct letter-writing campaigns, urging release of the prisoner(s)”. Clearly, this requires some risk on the part of the investigators, and how they are able to avoid persecution themselves is uncertain to Ant Farm at this time.
CAA’s main focus is with unregistered Protestant churches in China, those not part of the governmentally sanctioned TSPM. (Ant Farm provides this historical background on the subject of TSPM selectively culled for the reader from Wikipedia).
The Three-Self Patriotic Movement, or the Three-Self Church consists of three principles, which are: self-governance, self-support (i.e., financial independence from foreigners) and self-propagation (i.e., indigenous missionary work). The origins of this movement were begun by Western missionaries in the mid 1800’s who recognized that only through this approach could Christianity be propagated successfully in China. They were drafted formally during an 1892 conference in Shanghai of Protestant Christian missions. In 1951, in the wake of the revolution, a Cantonese Christian named Y.T. Wu (1893–1979) re-initiated the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, which promoted the same strategy of “self-governance, self-support, and self-propagation”, but was updated in order to completely remove foreign influences from the Chinese churches, and to assure the communist government that the churches would be patriotic to the newly-established People's Republic of China. The movement began formally in 1954 and allowed the government to infiltrate, subvert, and control much of organized Christianity.
From 1966 to 1976, during the Cultural Revolution, the expression of religious life in China was effectively banned, including even the TSPM. The growth of the Chinese House Church movement during this period was a result of all Chinese Christian worship being driven underground for fear of persecution. To counter this growing trend of "unregistered meetings", in 1979 the government officially restored the TSPM after thirteen years of non-existence, and in 1980 the CCC (China Christian Council)was formed. The TSPM is not a denomination, and denominational distinctions do not exist within the organization. Pastors are trained at one of only thirteen officially sanctioned seminaries which are Marxist-oriented and teach liberal theology.
The attempt to bring house-church Christians into the fold of "registered" meeting places has met with mixed results. One area of disagreement has been the restriction that the government places on preaching and teaching certain doctrines which are deemed to be inappropriate. Some examples of teaching that are not offered at the TSPM meetings include: references to the Second Coming of Christ and the resurrection of the dead. However, restrictions are not always harshly enforced, and many pastors within the TSPM have the freedom to exposit Christian teachings more fully.
The TSPM and CCC are viewed with suspicion and distrust by some Christians both within and outside China. Some claim the TSPM to be a tool of the CCP to control and regulate the expression of Christianity. As a result, there are groups that refuse to deal with the TSPM or CCC, and there exists a large unregistered House Church movement in China with some claiming that it serves the large majority of Protestant Christians in China.There has also been allegations of regular and systematic persecution against Christians associated with the House Church movement and other unregistered Christian organizations in China. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement).
Fu’s group states that as of 1993, there were 7 million members of the TSPM with 11 million affiliated, as opposed to an estimated 18 million and 47 million "unregistered" Protestant Christians respectively.
Ant Farm will be detailing the subject of religious persecution in China in later postings. Bob Fu's Chinaaid.org is probably the premier site on the web for understanding and keeping abreast of this subject.
Bob Fu has testified before many organizations, including the House International Relations Committee, U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, the Congressional-Executive Commission on China and the UN Commission on Human Rights.
Bob Fu is a PhD candidate of Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. He is also visiting professor at Oklahoma Wesleyan University and editor-in-chief of Chinese Law and Religion Monitor Journal. Bob and Heidi have three children, Daniel, Tracy and Melissa.
Credit to http://chinaaid.org/ for biographical material on Bob Fu.
Monday, August 4, 2008
Rabiya Kadeer
Such was her success that following a story about her business excellence that had appeared in the Wall Street Journal in 1994, Bill Gates and Warren Buffet personally flew to meet her from out of respect for her enormous achievement as a woman and as a Uyghur in China. Kadeer utilized her wealth to aid downtrodden Uyghurs, especially women and children, and opened free classes in her department store to educate Uyghur children from poor families. She also developed a foundation in 1997, called the “Thousand Mothers Movement”, to empower Uyghur women to start their own businesses.
Ms. Kadeer’s philanthropic efforts were at first praised by the Chinese government. She was subsequently appointed to the National People’s Congress, as well as the Political Consultative Congress in 1992. In 1995, she attended the United Nation’s Fourth World Conference on Women as a member of the Chinese delegation.
During this time she strove to improve the situation of the Uyghur people by working within the Chinese system. Her efforts to persuade high-ranking Chinese officials to change their hard-line, repressive policies against the Uyghurs, including direct talks with Jiang Zhemin, had little effect though. In a speech given during a National People’s Congress session in March 1997, she criticized China’s treatment of her people and demanded that the Chinese government honor the autonomy conferred on the Uyghur people and respect their human rights. She strongly criticized China’s harsh crackdown of a Uyghur student demonstration, which had taken place a month earlier in Ghulja City, Xinjiang, on February 5, 1997. (Less a "crackdown" than a massacre. See 4th web link at bottom). In doing so, Beijing’s attitude toward Ms. Kadeer vehemently curdled.
To punish her for her disloyalty to the Chinese Communist Party, she was stripped of her membership in both the National People’s Congress and the Political Consultative Conference, and forbidden to travel abroad. Beijing also pressured her to divorce her dissident husband, Sidik Rouzi, who had fled to the US in 1996.
In 1999 while on her way to meet a U.S. congressional delegation in Urumqi, the capital, Xinjiang, in the far northwest of China, she was arrested. Newspaper clippings she had sent to her husband containing accounts of recent events in Xinjiang were interpreted as “state secrets” and used to convict her. Kadeer was sentenced to eight years in prison for having stolen the above “secrets.”
Ms. Kadeer’s case became an international embarrassment for the Chinese government after Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch publicized her case and aggressively pursued her freedom. While in prison she received Human Rights Watch highest human rights award and was honored by Norway’s Rafto Foundation with its Rafto Award in 2004. On March 17, 2005, three days before an official visit to Beijing by US Secretary of State, Condaleeza Rice, she was released from prison on medical grounds after having completed six years of her punishment by the state. China would now exile her and the U.S. would adopt her. In 2006 she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, further fueling China's embarrassment.
Since her release Rabiya Kadeer has been actively campaigning for the human rights of the Uyghur people, despite Chinese government efforts to discredit and harass her. In the meantime, Uyghur women continue to be sterilized or forced to have abortions because the Chinese government says they are too poor to afford to have families. Uighur mosques are closed, their imams jailed, and parents are forbidden to teach religion to their children. It is estimated that there are thousands of Uighur political prisoners, and Xinjiang has the dubious distinction of being the only place in China where executions still take place for political crimes. Beijing calls this “harmonizing the state”.
As regards the efforts of Beijing to harass her, in 2006 The Washington post reported that Chinese government agents had secretly videotaped Kadeer at her home outside of Washington D.C. It has been verified by the F.B.I. that the suspects were indeed Chinese government agents. Also in 2006, a U.S. congressional delegation had requested to meet her family during their visit to Urumqi. On May 29, Chinese authorities responded by warning her three adult children living in the city to decline any such invitation. Three days later, police took more drastic steps to prevent a meeting.
The three children were driven out of the city, where two of her sons were badly beaten by police along a back road. In a further effort to intimidate the family, one of the officers conducting the beatings handed a cell phone to her daughter, Rushangul, and demanded that she call her mother so that she could hear them screaming. Mrs. Kadeer was subjected to sounds of her sons being beaten and tortured over the phone. One of the two sons, Ablikim, was so badly beaten that he lost consciousness and had to be hospitalized before being taken to a detention center. Five of her eleven children are still in China, held by the government in indemnity against any political damage she might do abroad while in exile.
On June 13, Ablikim, together with Alim, the other son who was beaten, were charged with "plotting to split the state", a death penalty crime. Together with a third son, Kahar, aged 42, they were charged with tax evasion, this in keeping with Beijing's usual strategy of using ostensibly nonpolitical offences as an additional way of targeting their political opponents. As part of their "investigation" into these charges, Chinese authorities confiscated all of the financial records of her family companies, making it nearly impossible for her sons to prepare a defense against these charges. It was reported that Alim Abdureyim, the youngest son, ‘confessed’ on or around July 1 to criminal and political charges against him as a direct consequence of being tortured. With these actions, the government had definitely made good on threats to her before she left Beijing in 2005, warning that if she spoke out about the plight of the Uighurs, that her children and her businesses would be "finished."
During the meeting at the White House 5 days ago, Bush specifically expressed concern about the situation of Ms. Kadeer’s sons, Alim and Ablikim Abdureyim, who are currently serving lengthy prison sentences in the PRC. He indicated that he would raise their cases with Chinese leaders during his visit to Beijing. Ms. Kadeer expressed her concerns over the Beijing regime’s recent harsh campaign of repression on peaceful Uyghur dissent in the name of anti-terrorism.
Because Beijing fears that Xinjiang province might go renegade, strict measures are inflicted upon it, ones even greater than those inflicted upon Tibet. Yet, little is known of East Turkistan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in this world. My guess is hardly anyone on the streets of the West could tell you where it is at, if they had even heard of it before. "From its conquest by the Qing Empire in the mid-eighteenth century until its incorporation in the PRC in 1949, there have been several efforts to wrest all or part of Xinjiang from Beijing's control. Though this restiveness is often portrayed as an enduring "clash of civilizations" between Chinese and Muslim realms, both the participants and the causes of these episodes have been more diverse than this simplistic formula allows. Indeed, Turkic or Uyghur nationalism has been a far more salient ideological feature than religious zeal. After 1949, despite some Islamic-colored unrest in southern Xinjiang, disturbances in the region corresponded with the political and economic disruptions of the Great Leap Forward (1959-61) and Cultural Revolution (1966-76)". (James Millward, Policy Studies, No. 6. East-West Center Washington, D.C. Publication Date: http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/search-for-publications/browse-alphabetic-list-of-titles/?class_call=view&pub_ID=1479).
Most of the CCP's interest in the region stems from the fact that there are large resources of oil and natural gas in the province. Also, the Chinese are fond of testing their nuclear weapons there. The Chinese have very good reasons to maintain a grip on Xinjiang. Yet, the Uyghurs remain as they have for centuries upon centuries; completely different from mainstream Chinese in religion, language and culture.
Books:
- The Stormer of the Sky, with Alexandra Cavelius (2007).
Awards:
- Human Rights Watch Award (2004)
- Rafto Foundation's Rafto Award i 2004
- Nominated for 2006 Nobel Peace Prize
Profession: President of the Uyghur American Association.
Websites of interest:http://www.uyghuramerican.org/
http://china.notspecial.org/
http://uk.youtube.com/results?search_query=rabiya+kadeer&search_type=&aq=f
http://www.rafto.no/DesktopModules/ViewAnnouncement.aspx?ItemID=344&Mid=42
Credit to Uyghur American Assoc. http://www.uyghuramerican.org/
Sunday, August 3, 2008
Wei Jingsheng
Often referred to as the “father of Chinese democracy”, Wei was born in Beijing in 1950 to a family of loyal Maoists. His father held a high-ranking position in the prestigious Foreign Ministry, and the family possessed connections to many of the top party leaders. Wei was educated in elite Communist Party schools and indoctrinated to be a committed Maoist.
He joined the Red Guards as a sixteen year old student at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. After massive personal trauma of that long event and in light of Deng Xiaoping's repudiation of the Cultural Revolution, Wei, then a twenty-eight year old electrician in Beijing, wrote a seminal essay, “The Fifth Modernisation: Democracy and Other Issues” (http://www.echonyc.com/~wei/Fifth.html)
that was posted by a friend on the Democracy Wall. In it he attacked the dictatorship of the Communist Party of China, denouncing Deng and his will to maintain a dictatorship in China. The essay argued that Deng's economic reform program, known as 'The Four Modernisations', would not result in a real transformation of Chinese society without a fifth modernisation - democracy. The essay attracted both worldwide attention and the notice of the Chinese Government, which became increasingly suspicious of Wei's developing relationships with foreign journalists based in Beijing.
In January of ’79 Wei and a group of other activists began to publish an underground magazine called 'Exploration' which pledged to discuss social problems "without any restrictions". The notorious Qincheng Prison – “the Bastille of China” - located on the outskirts of Beijing and China's principal prison for high-ranking political prisoners became a subject of their focus. Wei was arrested in March of 1979. Although the authorities could not bring any formal charges against him for his attacks on the Communist system, the government exaggerated Wei's correspondence with foreigners about the Sino-Vietnamese War and charged him with treason and of engaging in "counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement". He was condemned to 15 years of prison and hard labor and deprived of direct communication with his family and friends. His guards were forbidden to speak to him and he was not allowed a pen.
He spent 3 years in solitary confinement at Beijing No. 1 Prison where he was not allowed to leave his cell, and in which no fresh air or direct sunlight was obtained. During this period, his health steadily deteriorated. He lost teeth, developed a heart condition, and contracted hepatitis. He was also constantly pressured to denounce his political beliefs, but would not recant. Eventually he was transferred to two more prisons, one in Tibet and one in Nanpu on the Bo Hai Gulf of north-east China, where conditions were less severe.
In January of ’89, nearly ten years into his prison term, Chinese astrophysicist and democracy advocate Fang Lizhi wrote an open letter calling on Deng to release Wei. Over 110 prominent intellectuals in China subsequently lent their names to the call. During this time dissatisfaction with the slow pace of political reform was developing in China into a large-scale protest movement, culminating in the Tiananmen Square riots of June, 1989.
He was released on probation on 14 September of 1993, 6½ months before his 15 year sentence was due to end. His early release was a political gesture designed to sway the International Olympic Committee's vote on China's bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games. However, the gesture had no effect and China lost its bid to Sydney. Upon release, despite warnings from the authorities and his continuing ill-health, Wei resumed his campaign for democracy and human rights, and established contacts with other Chinese activists and the Western media. An opinion piece was published in 'The New York Times' on 18 November.
Six months later, soon after a meeting with United States assistant secretary of state for human rights and humanitarian affairs, Wei vanished into police custody. Over seven months later Wei was formally arrested for trying to "overthrow the government". He escaped the death penalty that comes with the charge but was sentenced to another 14 years imprisonment and stripped of his political rights for three years. Four years into this period of incarceration Chinese President Jiang Zemin made a historic trip to America. At the time it is reported that Jiang Zemin and Clinton agreed on a deal to secure Wei’s release during their talks, and on November 16th of 1997 Wei was released. Wei later maintains that he was not freed, but sent into exile as a further punishment.
Books:
- "Courage to Stand Alone -- letters from Prison and Other Writings", which compiles his articles written initially on toilet paper in jail.
- He has weekly commentary on Radio Free Asia, and many other news media.
Awards:
- The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought. (1996)
- The Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award(1996).
- The National Endowment for Democracy Award (1997) · The Olof Palme Memorial Prize (1994)
Profession: Chairman of the OCDC (The Overseas Chinese Democracy Coalition) and president of the Wei Jingsheng Foundation, a non-profit organisation registered in New York.
Education: Junior middle school in Beijing. Higher education aborted by the Cultural Revolution.
Websites of interest: http://www.echonyc.com/~wei/
Harry Wu
Born into a bourgeois family from Shanghai, he was entrapped and arrested in 1956 at the age of 23 for criticizing the Communist Party during the Hundred Flowers Campaign. In 1960 he was sent to the laogai ("re-education through labor"), the Chinese labor camp system, as “a counter-revolutionary rightest” for attempting to escape China due to his miserable prospects there as a consequence of his tainted political background.
He was imprisoned for 19 years in 12 different camps mining coal, building roads, clearing land, and planting and harvesting crops. According to his own accounts, he was beaten, tortured and nearly starved to death, at one point living on only ground corn husks. He recounts in his autobiography, "Bitter Winds", how he would chase rats through the fields in order to "steal" the grains in their nests, or eat snakes. He witnessed the deaths of many other prisoners from brutality, starvation, and suicide. All of this because his university had been given a quota of counter-revolutionaries to purge.
Released in 1979 in the wake of the liberalization which followed the death of Mao, Wu left China and went to the United States, where he became an unpaid visiting professor of geology at the University of California, Berkeley. (He took the position so hastily that UCB wasn't able to provide funding for him. He arrived in America with $40 and lectured while homeless). Eventually, he founded the Laogai Research Foundation, a non-profit research and public education organization. The work of the foundation is recognized as a leading source of information on China's labor camps, and was instrumental in proving that organs of executed criminals are used for organ transplants, and addtionally that the camps are used to manufacture export goods with slave labor.
The Laogai Research Foundation estimates that there have been fifty million people incarcerated in the laogai since 1950, and that there are eight million people in forced labor today. Harry Wu’s self-proclaimed goal is to put the word laogai in every dictionary in the world, and to that end, works eighteen-hour days criss-crossing the country and the globe speaking with student groups and heads of state to make this present-day horror become a past memory. Wu has on several occassions presented testimony as an expert before various United States Congressional committees, as well as the Parliments of the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, the European Parliment, and the United Nations.
This last Wednesday, he spoke, along with Wei Jingsheng, Rabiya Kadeer, and several U.S. lawmakers at a joint press conference of the U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom and the Congressional Human Rights Caucus.
Books:
- Laogai: The Chinese Gulag (1991), the first full account of the Chinese labor camp system.
Bitter Winds (1994), a memoir of his time in the camps.
Troublemaker (1996), an account of Wu's clandestine trips to China and his detention in 1995.
New Ghosts, Old Ghosts, Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China (1999), by James Seymour and Richard Anderson
Awards:
Martin Ennels Award for Human Rights Defenders. ( Its first recipient, 1994)
The Medal of Freedom from the Dutch World War II Resistance Foundation. (1991).
Profession: Executive Director of the Laogai Research Foundation and the China Information Center. He is also a member of the International Council of the Human Rights Foundation.
Education: Geology Institute in Beijing.
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=22295 (He was a homeless vagabound during his first semester or so at Berkeley! A somewhat "humorous" account of this time provided here along with a more serious Q & A with NYWND).
http://www.laogai.org/news/index.php
Bush meets with five Chinese dissidents
“held private talks with five prominent Chinese dissidents on Tuesday, and urged China’s foreign minister to relax restrictions on human rights, as part of an intensifying White House effort to put pressure on Beijing before Mr. Bush travels there in a little over a week for the summer Olympic Games. Mr. Bush received the dissidents — Harry Wu, Wei Jingsheng, Sasha Gong, Rabiya Kadeer, and Bob Fu — in the White House residence, where he “assured them that he will carry the message of freedom as he travels to Beijing,” said his press secretary Dana Perino. Earlier, Mr. Bush dropped in on a meeting between his national security adviser, Stephen J. Hadley, and China’s foreign minister, Yang Jiechi. Said Michael Green, an Asia expert and former adviser to Mr. Bush, “These are very high profile people. These are people designed to get the Chinese’s attention. It was not just a political move to provide cover at home. It was an important move to let Chinese leaders know that he’s not satisfied with the progress”. (New York Times, July 30th, 2008. edited). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/sports/olympics/30prexy.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=bush%20meets%20dissidents&st=cse&oref=slogin
The White House issued this release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080729-4.html
“Today in The White House Residence, President Bush met with five Chinese freedom activists to discuss his concerns about human rights in China. The President assured them that he will carry the message of freedom as he travels to Beijing for the games, just as he has regularly made this a priority in all of his meetings with Chinese officials. He told the activists that engagement with Chinese leaders gives him an opportunity to make the United States' position clear - human rights and religious freedom should not be denied to anyone”.
The release further states:
“The President asked them about their personal experiences in their peaceful efforts to press for more freedom in China. The group welcomed the President's strong commitment to human rights and religious freedom and urged him to continue to deliver that message not only to the Chinese leadership but also to all the people of China”.
I’m sure George was charming, but who are these five dissidents? For certain, each has paid a heavy price in their lives for having spoken up and acted out against the CCP. They are but five of roughly 70 highly conscientious Chinese intellectuals known of in the West for their pro-democracy activities. Of these 70, 10 are currently in prison or under house arrest, the remainder have at one time been incarcerated and are either currently exiled and living in the West, mostly in America, or closely watched by the authorities who have urged them to cease and desist - or else. They represent the crème de la crème of Chinese society. Intellectuals all, they came from prominent families, attended China’s most prestigious academies, and held or now hold eminent positions in society as doctors, lawyers, scholars, writers or entrepreneurs.
According to Amnesty International tens of thousands of innocent people are arrested every year in China for peacefully exercising their fundamental rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religious beliefs. Hundreds of thousands currently languish in Chinese 'reeducation camps' for such 'crimes'. Harry Wu's organization, Laogai Research Foundation, contains a database on 3,682 of them ( http://www.laogai.org/dissent/index.php). They may not come from as prominent of backgrounds as the five who recently met the President of the United States, but all have taken on the Chinese state. Their official crime? The authorities repeatedly call it “treason” or “revealing of state secrets”. An amazing title for such a crime. The irony is nearly ineffable. On the highest order the Chinese government regards its human rights abuses as a state secret, and anyone who makes the difficult decision not to preserve it is deemed treasonous. Posted separately and to follow are brief background sketches of the five heroic individuals who recently met at the White House.